This understanding of dignity mirrors Alasdair MacIntyre’s discussion of ‘characters’ as “a very special type of social role which places a certain kind of moral constraint on the personality of those who inhabit them in a way in which many other social roles do not” (After Virtue, 27). Stevens ends up associating dignity with “a butler’s ability not to abandon the professional being he inhabits.” His father exemplifies this ideal to an appalling degree and, while it does not come as naturally to Stevens, he lives up to his father’s legacy just enough to undermine his own happiness. The central theme of the novel is ‘dignity’: the institutions and relationships that it upholds and destroys its intrinsic and instrumental value and whether and how it is an ideal to which one can devote their life. In the course of his trip, Stevens reflects on his career and former employer, Lord Darlington, whose grand ambitions have long undergirded Stevens’ own professional self-worth, despite the ultimately disastrous consequences of Darlington’s political machinations between the wars. When Stevens’ new employer encourages him to take some time off, he decides to take a motoring trip to visit Miss Kenton, a former housekeeper who left Darlington Hall two decades earlier and recently sent him a letter which implied that her marriage is falling apart. Mr Stevens is head of staff at Darlington Hall, a stately English house in Oxfordshire that has just been purchased by a wealthy American. I would trade an unreliable narrator for an unwitting one any day, because they illuminate our haunting capacity for self-deception, illustrating how memory often prioritizes self-preservation over precision. (Julian Barnes’ The Sense of an Ending is another excellent example of this).

It makes use of one of my favourite literary tropes: the unwitting narrator who discovers through the retelling of his life that his past is not what he always thought it was. It is exquisitely crafted, despite the fact that Ishiguro wrote it in a single month in the summer of 1987. In 1989, Kazuo Ishiguro won the booker prize for this masterpiece about an ageing butler in the twilight of his career.

The remains of the day 1989